Examples of Intellectual Development Cues

Early Positions: Dualism and Received Knowledge

View of Knowledge
Focus on facts and content—WHAT to learn. Emphasis on right answers, not on methods, to find answers. Learning = information exchange. Knowledge is dichotomous—right or wrong.; all or nothing. Emphasis on literal interpretation. Knowledge is know by and received from Authority figures. Authorities possess knowledge and reveal it. Truth is absolute and universal and is external to the learner.

Role of Authority
The Authority figure is the source of truth (teacher/textbook). Authorities are good or bad (right or wrong). The Authority is fundamentally responsible for the learning that takes place. The Authority holds all knowledge and power.

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